Relationship between age and the histopathological features to chemotherapy response in colorectal cancer patients: a prospective observational study

Introduction: Chemotherapy response in early age-onset colorectal cancer patients is still controversial, and the results of chemotherapy response are unknown. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the age of colorectal cancer patients and histopathological features and chemotherapy response. Methods: This is a prospective observational study. The subjects in this study were colorectal cancer patients in the Digestive Surgery division at Tertiary Hospital in West Java from September 2021 to September 2022. Results: There were 86 subjects who underwent chemotherapy in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Consisting of 39 patients of early age onset and 44 female patients. The most common histopathological feature in early age onset (EAO) and late age onset (LAO) was adenocarcinoma (25% and 46%, respectively). Stage III colorectal cancer affected 38 patients, while stage IV affected 48 patients. There was a significant relationship between early age onset and late age onset with histological features (p < 0.001). The patients with the highest chemotherapy response had stable diseases in EAO (17 patients) and LAO (20 patients). There was no statistically significant relationship between age, histological features, and stage of colorectal cancer and chemotherapy response (p > 0.05). The results of the ordinal logistic regression test showed no systematic relationship between chemotherapy response and age, histopathological features, gender, or cancer stage (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no association between age and histopathologic features with chemotherapy response and there is no difference in chemotherapy response between early and late age onset. (AU)

Correlation between CT Texture Analysis and Synchronous Distant Metastasis in Patients with Lymph Node-negative Colorectal Cancer / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To investigate the correlation between CT texture analysis and synchronous distant metastasis in patients with lymph node-negative colorectal cancer. Methods The preoperative CT images of 82 patients with lymph node-negative colorectal cancer were analyzed retrospectively.There were 12 patients with simultaneous distant metastasis and 70 patients without simultaneous distant metastasis.The maximum plane of the lesion on plain scan and portal CT images was analyzed by TexRAD software.When the spatial scaling factor(SSF)was 0 and 2-6,six texture parameters were obtained,and the differences of texture parameters between the two groups were compared.The counting data were analyzed by chi-square test and the measurement data by Mann-Whitney test. Results There was a significant difference in the skewness of SSF=3 between the simultaneous distant metastasis group and the non-synchronous metastasis group on plain CT scan(

Comportamiento del cáncer colorrectal diagnosticado por colonoscopia en el Hospital Militar "Mario Muñoz Monroy". Matanzas / Behavior of the colorectal cancer diagnosed by colonoscopy in the hospital military "Mario Muñoz Monroy". Matanzas

RESUMEN Introducción: el cáncer colorrectal constituye un serio problema de salud por su alta incidencia. Es una entidad que afecta significativamente a la humanidad y conlleva a una alta mortalidad. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de los pacientes con cáncer colorrectal diagnosticado por colonoscopia en el Hospital Militar "Mario Muñoz", Matanzas. Materiales y Métodos: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo en pacientes con sangre oculta en heces fecales y diagnóstico colonoscópico de cáncer colorrectal, desde enero del 2015 a noviembre del 2018. El universo quedó conformado por 135 pacientes que cumplieron con los criterios de selección. Se estudiaron variables como: grupo etario, sexo, factores de riesgo, síntomas y signos, localización y estadio. Se utilizó una planilla de recolección de datos. Se emplearon métodos de estadística descriptiva y los resultados fueron presentados en tablas. Resultados: en 722 colonoscopias realizadas a pacientes con sangre oculta positiva, en el 18.7 % se diagnosticó cáncer colorrectal. Predominó el grupo etario de 61-70 años con un 30.4 % de los pacientes y el sexo masculino (41.4%). Los factores de riesgos más frecuentes) fueron: dieta inadecuada (46.6%), sedentarismo (25.2%) y enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal (29.6%). Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron: diarrea (45.9%), dolor abdominal (31.1%) y dispepsia (25.2%). La localización que predominó fue el recto (24.4%), seguido del colon ascendente (22.2%). Predominaron los pacientes en un estadio II con 42.2%. Conclusiones: el cáncer colorrectal se presentó con mayor frecuencia en pacientes de la 6ta década de vida tal como se reporta en la literatura, asociado a malos hábitos dietéticos e inadecuado modo y estilo de vida que pueden ser modificados a través de estrategias educativas que garanticen la salud de la población (AU).

SUMMARY Introduction: Colorectal cancer [cancer colorectal (CCR) in Spanish] is a serious health problem due to its high incidence. It is an entity affecting the human kind and producing a high mortality. Objective: to determine the behavior of the colorectal cancer diagnosed by colonoscopy in the Military Hospital "Mario Muñoz", Matanzas. Material and methods: a prospective, descriptive, observational study was carried out in patients with hidden blood in fecal feces and colonoscopic diagnosis of colorectal cancer from January 2015 to November 2018. The universe was formed by 135 patients who fulfilled the selection criteria. The studied variables were age group, gender, risk factors, symptoms, locations and stage. A form was used for collecting data. Methods of descriptive statistics were used and the results are showed in charts. Results: In 722 colonoscopies carried out to patients with positive hidden blood, 18.7 % was diagnosed as colorectal cancer. The 61-70 years-old age group (30.4 %) and male gender (41.4 %) predominated. The most frequent risk factors were improper diet (46.6 %), sedentary life style (25.2 %), and inflammatory intestinal disease (29.6 %). The most frequent symptoms were diarrhea (45.9 %), abdominal pain (31.1 %) and dyspepsia (25.2 %). The predominant location was the rectum (24.4 %), followed by ascending colon (22.2 %). Stage II patients predominated, with 42.2 %. Conclusions: colorectal cancer appeared more frequently in patients in their sixth decade of life as it is reported in the literature, associated to bad dietary habits and to an inadequate style and way of life that could be modified through educative strategies warranting the population's health (AU).

Cáncer sincrónico detectado con PET/ CT-Tomografía Computada contrastada (PET/CTc) en 210 pacientes con cáncer colorrectal recientemente diagnosticado / Synchronous tumors detected with contrast-enhanced F18-FDG positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CTc) in colorectal cancer

Background: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent cancer in the world and is the second cause of cancer death. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) using 18F-FDG is used for its staging and follow up. Aim: To assess the occurrence of synchronous colonic and extracolonic tumors detected with contrast-enhanced F18-FDG PET/CT (PET/CTc) in patients with a recently diagnosed CRC. Material and Methods: PET/CTc of 210patients aged 16-91, years (63% men) with a recently diagnosed CRC were reviewed. PET/CTc with incidental findings, not expected to be due to CRC, were followed (laboratory, imaging and pathology) searching for synchronous tumors. Results: Ten patients (4,7%) had a second synchronous CRC. Only 70% of synchronous CRC were accessible to colonoscopy, due mainly to incomplete procedures for stenotic tumors. Extracolonic synchronous neoplasms were detected in 12 patients (5,7%), namely lung cancer in three, renal cell carcinoma in two, non-Hodgkin lymphoma in two, pancreatic cancer in one, breast cancer in one, hepatocellular carcinoma in one, bladder cancer in one and thyroid cancer in one. Conclusions: Ten percent of patients with a recently diagnosed CRC had a synchronic neoplasm detected at staging using PET/CTc.

Caso Clínico: Remisión de Adenocarcinoma Rectal con Células en Anillo de Sello / Clinical Case Report: Complete Remission of Signet Ring Cell Colorectal Carcinoma

INTRODUCCIÓN: El adenocarcinoma colorrectal de células en anillo de sello es un tipo inusual de carcinoma, que tiene como características; la presentación en edades tempranas, ser infiltrativo e invasivo, poseer mayor tasa de recurrencia y una menor sobrevida a los 5 años tras el diagnóstico. Su etiología se relaciona con mutaciones genéticas como RAS/RAF. Tras el diagnóstico, es imperativo instaurar medidas terapéuticas agresivas para mejorar el pronóstico. A continuación se presenta un caso clínico con remisión completa. CASO CLÍNICO: Mujer de 29 años de edad, sin antecedentes médicos o familiares de importancia, acudió a consulta por estreñimiento crónico, anorexia, heces con sangre y pérdida de peso. Al realizarse exámenes de extensión (colonoscopía) se identificó adenocarcinoma rectal con células en anillo de sello, que ocluía el 85% de la luz rectal. Se estadificó al tumor como T4B N1 M0 (localmente avanzado). EVOLUCIÓN: Se inició una primera fase de tratamiento a base de radioterapia y capecitabina; sin embargo no se evidenció mejoría en los exámenes radiológicos de control. Posteriormente se instauró esquema irinotecan, oxaliplatino, leucovorina y fluorouracilo durante 4 ciclos y tras mejoría clínica evidente en tomografía de control se realiza hemicolectomía, resección abomino-perineal más apendicectomía. Se clasifica al tumor como PT4PN2M0 y el tratamiento se complementó con quimioterapia adyuvante mediante esquema oxaliplatino, leucovorina y fluorouracilo por 6 ciclos. Finalmente pasó a vigilancia al detectarse remisión de la enfermedad. Tras 2 años y 4 meses de remisión inicial la paciente continúa libre de actividad tumoral. CONCLUSIÓN: Todo paciente joven que presente una historia dudosa de estreñimiento crónico, sangrado rectal y pérdida de peso debe ser evaluado adecuadamente. Es indispensable considerar la probabilidad de tumores malignos en el diagnóstico diferencial de estos síntomas porque su tratamiento oportuno reduce la morbilidad y mejora el pronóstico.(AU)

BACKGROUND: Signet ring cell colorectal carcinoma is an unusual type of carcinoma, which characteristics are: early age of onset, being infiltrative and invasive, having a higher recurrence rate and a lower survival 5 years after diagnosis. Its etiology is related to genetic mutations such as RAS / RAF. After diagnosis, it is imperative to establish aggressive therapeutic measures to improve the prognosis. In this article, we present a clinical case with complete remission. CASE REPORT: A 29-year-old woman without any significant past medical or family history, who consulted for chronic constipation, bloody stools, anorexia and weight loss. When extension tests (colonoscopy) were performed, signet ring cells colorectal carcinoma was identified and occluding 85% of the rectal lumen. The tumor was staged as T4B N1 M0 (it was locally advanced). EVOLUTION: A first phase of oncospecific treatment using radiotherapy and capecitabine was initiated; however, there was no improvement in the radiological control tests. Subsequently, an irinotecan, oxaliplatin, leucovorin and fluorouracil scheme was established for 4 cycles and after clinical improvement evidenced in the control tomography; a hemicolectomy, abdominoperineal resection and appendectomy was performed. The tumor was staged as PT4PN2M0 and the treatment was complemented with adjuvant chemotherapy with oxaliplatin, leucovorin and fluorouracil for 6 cycles. Finally, patient went into remission, and remained under medical checkups. After 2 years and 4 months of initial remission, the patient remains free of tumor activity. CONCLUSION: All young patients with a doubtful history of chronic constipation, rectal bleeding and weight loss should be appropriately evaluated. It is essential to consider the probability of malignant tumors in the differential diagnosis of these symptoms because their timely treatment reduces morbidity and improves prognosis(au)

Caracterização morfológica da abertura de glândulas colônicas usando imagens de microscopia de autofluorescência / Morphological characterization of colorectal pits using autofluorescence microscopy images

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is one of the most prevalent pathologies. Its prognosis is linked to the early detection and treatment. Currently diagnosis is performed by histological analysis from polyp biopsies, followed by morphological classification. Kudo's pit pattern classification is frequently used for the differentiation of neoplastic colorectal lesions using hematoxylin-eosin stained samples. Few articles have reported this classification with image software processing, using exogenous markers over the samples. The processing of autofluorescence images is an alternative that could allow the characterization of the pits from the crypts of Lieberkühn, bypassing staining techniques. OBJECTIVE: Processing and analysis of widefield autofluorescence microscopy images obtained by fresh colon tissue samples from a murine model of colorectal cancer in order to quantify and characterize the pits morphology by measuring morphology parameters and shape descriptors. METHODS: Adult male BALB/cCmedc strain mice (n=27), ranging from 20 to 30 g, were randomly assigned to four and five groups of treated and control animals. Colon samples were collected at day zero and at fourth, eighth, sixteenth and twentieth weeks after treatmentwith azoxymethane. Two-dimensional (2D) segmentation, quantification and morphological characterization of pits by image processing applied using macro programming from FIJI. RESULTS: Type I is the pit morphology prevailing between 53 and 81% in control group weeks. III-L and III-S types were detected in reduced percentages. Between the 33 and 56% of type I was stated as the prevailing morphology for the 4th, 8th and 20th weeks of treated groups, followed by III-L type. For the 16th week, the 39% of the pits was characterized as III-L type, followed by type I. Further, pattern types as IV, III-S and II were also found mainly in that order for almost all of the treated weeks. CONCLUSION: These preliminaries outcomes could be considered an advance in two-dimensional pit characterization as the whole image processing, comparing to the conventional procedure, takes a few seconds to quantify and characterize non-pathological colon pits as well as to estimate early pathological stages of colorectal cancer.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: O câncer colorretal é uma das patologias mais prevalentes. Seu prognóstico é ligado à detenção e ao tratamento precoces. Atualmente o diagnóstico é realizado por análise histológica de biópsias de pólipo, seguida de classificação morfológica. A classificação de padrões de Kudo é frequentemente utilizada para a diferenciação de lesões colorretais neoplásicas usando amostras coradas por hematoxilina-eosina. Poucos artigos relatam esta classificação com utilização de processamento por software de imagem, utilizando marcadores exógenos sobre as amostras. O processamento de imagens de autofluorescência é uma alternativa que pode permitir a caracterização do padrão das criptas de Lieberkühn, contornando técnicas de coloração. OBJETIVO: Analisar, quantificar e caracterizar a morfologia do padrão das criptas medindo os parâmetros morfológicos e descritores de forma, através do processamento e análise de imagens de microscopia de autofluorescência de campo de Widefield obtidas em amostras de tecido de cólon fresco a partir de um modelo murino de câncer colorretal. MÉTODOS: Camundongos machos adultos BALB/cCmedc (n=27), variando de 20 a 30 g, foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro e cinco grupos de animais tratados e de controle. As amostras de cólon foram coletadas no dia zero e na 4ª, 8ª, 16ª e 20ª semanas após o tratamento com azoxometano. Segmentação bidimensional (2D), quantificação e caracterização morfológica do padrão das criptas por processamento de imagem aplicados utilizando programação macro de FIJI. RESULTADOS: O tipo I é a morfologia da cripta prevalente entre 53% e 81% semanas do grupo controle. Os tipos III-L e III-S foram detectados em porcentagens reduzidas. A morfologia do tipo I entre os 33% e 56% foi constatada como a predominante para as 4ª, 8ª e 20ª semanas de grupos tratados, seguidos pelo tipo III-L. Para a 16ª semana, os 39% dos padrões das criptas foram caracterizados como tipo III-L, seguidos pelo tipo I. Além disso, os tipos de padrão como IV, III-S e II também foram encontrados principalmente nessa ordem para quase todas as semanas tratadas. CONCLUSÃO: Estes resultados preliminares podem ser considerados um avanço na caracterização bidimensional da cripta como um processamento integral da imagem, comparando-se ao procedimento convencional; demora-se alguns segundos a mais para quantificar e caracterizar pontos não-patológicos, bem como para estimar estágios patológicos precoces do câncer colorretal.

Differentiation between stercoral perforation and colorectal cancer perforation

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: To determine the computed tomography (CT) signs associated with stercoral perforation and colorectal cancer perforation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From May 2003 to Feb. 2015, all surgically and pathologically confirmed patients with stercoral perforation (n=8, mean age 68.3 years) or colon cancer perforation (n=11, mean age 66.3 years) were retrospectively reviewed by two board-certified radiologists blinded to the proven diagnosis. The following CT findings were evaluated and recorded for each patient: wall thickness of the distal colon adjacent to perforation site, pattern of the colon wall thickening and enhancement, length of the thickened bowel wall, presence of fecaloma, degree of proximal colon dilatation, and pericolonic inflammation or presence of pericolonic abscess, and number of enlarged pericolonic lymph nodes. These findings were correlated with the pathologic diagnosis. RESULTS: The mean thickness of the distal colonic wall adjacent to the perforation site was 13.6 mm in patients with colorectal cancer perforation and 5.1 mm with stercoral perforation, which was statistically different. There was a significant correlation between colorectal cancer perforation and eccentric wall thickening (p<0.01). CT findings of layered enhancing wall thickening (p<0.01) and the presence of fecaloma in the proximal colon (p<0.01) were significant findings for stercoral perforation. Patients with colorectal cancer displayed more pericolonic lymph nodes (mean 2.27, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Fecaloma in the proximal colon and layered enhancing wall thickening adjacent to perforation site are likely due to stercoral perforation. Eccentric bowel wall thickening at the distal portion of the perforation site with many enlarged pericolonic lymph nodes is most likely due to colorectal cancer perforation.

RESUMO OBJETIVO: Determinar os sinais de CT associados à perfuração estercoral e perfuração do câncer colorretal. MÉTODOS: De maio de 2003 a fevereiro de 2015, todos os pacientes cirurgicamente e patologicamente confirmados com perfuração estercoral (n = 8, idade média de 68,3 anos) ou perfuração de câncer de cólon (n = 11, idade média de 66,3 anos) foram revisados retrospectivamente por dois radiologistas certificados por placa cegados ao diagnóstico comprovado. Os seguintes achados CT foram avaliados e gravados para cada paciente: espessura da parede do cólon distal adjacente ao local da perfuração, padrão de espessamento e realce da parede do cólon, comprimento da parede intestinal espessada, presença de fecaloma, grau de dilatação do cólon proximal e inflamação pericolônica ou presença de abscesso pericolônico e número de linfonodos pericolônicos aumentados. Esses achados foram correlacionados com o diagnóstico patológico. RESULTADOS: A espessura média da parede colônica distal adjacente ao local de perfuração foi de 13,6 mm em pacientes com perfuração de câncer colorretal e 5,1 mm com perfuração estercoral, que foi estatisticamente diferente. Houve uma correlação significativa entre a perfuração do câncer colorretal e o espessamento da parede excêntrica (p < 0,01). Os achados de CT de espessamento de parede aprimorada em camadas (p < 0,01) e presença de fecaloma no cólon proximal (p < 0,01) foram achados significativos para perfuração estercoral. Os pacientes com câncer colorretal apresentaram mais linfonodos pericolônicos (média 2,27, p < 0,05). CONCLUSÃO: O fecaloma no cólon proximal e o espessamento da parede que aumenta a camada adjacente ao local da perfuração são provavelmente devidos à perfuração estereocálica. O espessamento da parede intestinal excêntrica na porção distal do local da perfuração com muitos gânglios linfáticos pericolônicos aumentados é provavelmente a perfuração do câncer colorretal.

Is superficial colorectal lesions with low and high grades intraepithelial neoplasms more prevalent in older above 65 years? / Neoplasias intraepiteliais de baixo e alto graus nas lesões superficiais colorretais têm maior prevalência acima de 65 anos de idade?

ABSTRACT Background: Colorectal cancer has a higher incidence in the rectum and sigmoid. However, with the expansion of the diagnosis of superficial lesions interest in the diagnosis and in the role they play in colorectal carcinogenesis has increased. Aim: To verify the behavior of superficial lesions of the colon and rectum, comparing the pathological and endoscopic findings, below and above 65 years. Methods: Cross-sectional study with prospective evaluation of standard protocol, where 200 patients with colorectal superficial lesions were evaluated; they were submitted to colonoscopy and mucosectomy of these lesions. They were divided in two age groups, below and above 65 years. Results: One hundred-and-eight were women (54%) and 92 men (46%). Most colon lesions were localized in the right colon (95%) and the remaining (5%) in the rectum. In endoscopy, 77.20% were granular lesions in patients under 65 years and 77.90% above. Colon histology showed low grade intraepithelial neoplasia, being 69.79% in patients under and 73.70% in above 65 years. In rectum, above 65 years the incidence of high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia was higher (66.70%). Conclusion: The superficial colorectal lesions have been more endoscopically diagnosed today, and the highest incidence is the granular type, both in the colon and rectum, regardless of age. Regardless the age, histologically colon lesions were more as low grade intraepithelial neoplasia. In rectum, there was distinction for both age groups, being more frequent high grade intraepithelial neoplasia in patients over 65 years.

RESUMO Racional: O câncer colorretal tem maior incidência no reto e sigmoide. Porém, com a ampliação do diagnóstico das lesões superficiais do cólon e reto tem-se aumentado o interesse por elas no diagnóstico e no papel que elas representam na carcinogênese colorretal. Objetivo: Verificar o comportamento das lesões superficiais do cólon e reto, comparando os achados anatomopatológicos com os endoscópicos em duas faixas etárias, abaixo e acima de 65 anos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo transversal onde foram avaliados 200 pacientes com lesões superficiais colorretais submetidos à colonoscopia e mucosectomia destas lesões. Resultados: Foram 108 mulheres (54%) e 92 homens (46%). A maioria das lesões localizou-se no cólon direito (95%) e as demais (5%) no reto. Quanto ao aspecto endoscópico 77,20% tinham superfície granulosa para pacientes abaixo de 65 anos e 77,90% para os acima. Quanto ao aspecto histológico no cólon a maioria, independentemente da idade, mostrou ser neoplasia intraepitelial de baixo grau, enquanto que no reto, nos mais idosos, a incidência de neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grau foi maior (66,70%). Conclusão: As lesões superficiais colorretais têm sido mais diagnosticadas pela colonoscopia e a forma granular apresenta maior incidência, tanto nos mais jovens como nos mais idosos. Os achados anatomopatológicos no cólon, independente da faixa etária, foram mais de neoplasia intraepitelial de baixo grau. No reto observou-se distinção para as duas faixas etárias, sendo mais frequentes os casos de neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grau para os pacientes acima de 65 anos.

Reported mortality for colorectal cancer in Brazil in the first 16 years of the 21st century

Introduction: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant neoplasm with major impact on health today. There is, however, an efficient method for prevention and screening, which varies in different protocols according to each institution or country. The objective is to evaluate the mortality rate and the economic cost of CRC in Brazil during the first 16 years of the 21st century. Method: A retrospective, temporal aggregation study was conducted with an exploratory, documentary quantitative approach on CRC mortality from 2000 to 2016, based on the Mortality Information System database provided by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Results: In the study period, 218,000 deaths due to CRC were recorded. The CRC mortality rate was 6.2 (95% confidence interval, 5.59-6.81) per 100,000 population, with no significant difference between men and women. Of the 17 age subgroups analyzed, eight had a significant increase from 2000 to 2016, including all subgroups aged over 50 years. Conclusion: There was an increase in mortality due to CRC in the study period.

Pre- and postoperative imaging methods in colorectal cancer / Métodos de imagem no estadiamento pré e pós operatórios do câncer colorretal

ABSTRACT Introduction: Among the screening tests for colorectal cancer, colonoscopy is currently considered the most sensitive and specific technique. However, computed tomography colonography (CTC), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and transrectal ultrasonography have gained significant ground in the clinical practice of pre-treatment, screening and, more recently, post-treatment and surgical evaluation. Objective: To demonstrate the high accuracy of CT and MRI for pre and postoperative colorectal cancer staging. Methods: Search and analysis of articles in Pubmed, Scielo, Capes Periodicals and American College of Radiology with headings "colorectal cancer" and "colonography". Weew selected 30 articles that contained radiological descriptions, management or statistical data related to this type of neoplasia. The criteria for radiological diagnosis were the American College of Radiology. Results : The great majority of patients with this subgroup of neoplasia is submitted to surgical procedures with the objective of cure or relief, except those with clinical contraindication. CTC colonography is not the most commonly used technique for screening; however, it is widely used for treatment planning, assessment of the abdomen for local complications or presence of metastasis, and post-surgical evaluation. MRI colonography is an alternative diagnostic method to CT, recommended by the American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Although there are still no major studies on the use of MRI for screening, the high resolution examination has now shown good results for the American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM classification. Conclusion: MRI and CT represent the best means for colorectal neoplasm staging. The use of these methods as screening tools becomes beneficial to decrease complications and discomfort related to colonoscopy.

RESUMO Introdução : Dentre os testes de rastreamento de câncer colorretal, a colonoscopia é atualmente considerada a técnica de maior sensibilidade e especificidade. Entretanto, a colonografia por tomografia computadorizada (CTC), a ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) e a ultrassonografia transrretal têm ganhado espaço significativo na prática clínica de análise pré-tratamento, rastreio e, mais recentemente, no pós-tratamento e na avaliação cirúrgica. Objetivo: Demonstrar a alta acurácia da CT e RNM para estadiamento pré e pós-operatório do câncer colorretal. Métodos : Busca e análise de artigos no Pubmed, Scielo, Periódicos Capes e Colégio Americano de Radiologia com descritores "câncer colorretal" e "colonografia". Foram selecionados 30 artigos que continham descrições radiológicas, manejo ou dados estatísticos relacionados a este tipo de neoplasia. O critério de diagnóstico radiológico adotado foi o do Colégio Americano de Radiologia. Resultados : A maioria dos pacientes portadores desse subgrupo de neoplasias é submetida a procedimentos cirúrgicos com o objetivo de cura ou alívio, exceto aqueles que possuem contraindicação clínica. A colonografia por tomografia computadorizada não é a técnica de maior utilização para rastreamento; no entanto, ela é amplamente utilizada para o planejamento de tratamento, avaliação do abdome quanto à complicações locais ou presença de metástase e avaliação pós-cirúrgica. A colonografia por RNM é método diagnóstico alternativo à CT recomendado pela American Society Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Embora ainda não haja grandes estudos sobre o uso da RNM para rastreamento, atualmente o exame de alta resolução tem apresentado bons resultados para a classificação TNM da American Joint Committee on Cancer. Conclusão : RNM e a TC representam os melhores meios para rastreamento de neoplasias colorretais. O uso destes métodos torna-se benéfico para diminuir as complicações e desconforto relacionadas à colonoscopia.

Epidemiological aspects of endoscopic resections of colorectal polyps in patients at an endoscopy training center in the Santos region, Brasil / Aspectos epidemiológicos de las resecciones endoscópicas de los pólipos colo-rectales en un centro de entrenamiento de endoscopía en la región de Santos, Brasil

Introduction: Colorectal polyps are structures that project from the surface of the mucosal layer of the large intestine. They are classified as neoplastic or non-neoplastic. Early detection of pre-neoplastic lesions is important for preventing colorectal cancer. These can be resected so as to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates. Colonoscopy is the gold-standard procedure for diagnosing and resecting precursor lesions. Objective: To evaluate the epidemiological, endoscopic and histological aspects of endoscopic resection of lesions of the colon and rectum at a training center. Materials and method: A search was conducted in the database of our institution covering the period from January 2011 to July 2014. Cases that underwent endoscopic resection of polyps and/or colorectal lesions were selection. The following variables were defined: general data on the patients (age, gender and indication from the examination) and data on the polypoid lesion (number, histological type and topographic distribution). Results: 678 lesions were identified in 456 examinations. Regarding sex, 242 (53.1%) were female and 214 (46.9%) were male. The mean age was 64.54 years, with extremes of 5 and 94 years. The most frequent locations were the rectum (21%) and sigmoid (20%). Histologically, 34.7% were hyperplastic polyps and 58.9% were adenomatous polyps, of which 74.1% were tubular, 10.6% tubulovillous, 2% villous and 13% indeterminate; and 1.7% were adenocarcinomas. In 65.4% of the cases, the examination showed that only one polyps was present, while 34.6% had two or more lesions. Conclusion: In our clinic, with a mean of 250 examinations/month, the parameters evaluated were compatible with the results reported in the literature.

Introducción: Los pólipos colorrectales son estructuras que se proyectan en la superficie de la capa mucosa del intestino grueso. Son clasificados en neoplásicos y no neoplásicos. La detección precoz de lesiones preneoplásicas es relevante en la prevención del cáncer colorrectal. Pueden ser resecados y reducir los índices de morbimortalidad. La colonoscopia es el patrón de oro para el diagnóstico y resección de lesiones precursoras. Objetivo: Evaluar aspectos epidemiológicos, endoscópicos e histológicos relacionados a las resecciones endoscópicas de lesiones de colon y recto en un centro de entrenamiento. Matariales y métodos: Fue realizada una búsqueda en la base de datos de nuestra institución durante el período de enero de 2011 a julio de 2014. Se seleccionaron aquellos sometidos a las resecciones endoscópicas de pólipos y/o lesiones colorrectales. Las siguientes variables fueron definidas: datos generales de los pacientes (edad género e indicación del examen) y datos de la lesión polipoidea (número, tipo histológico, distribución topográfica). Resultados: Fueron identificadas 678 lesiones en 456 exámenes. Con relación al sexo, 242 (53,1 %) eran del género femenino y 214 (46,9 %) masculino. El promedio de edad fue de 64,54 años, con extremos de 5 y 94 años. La ubicación más frecuente fue en el recto (21 %) y sigmoide (20 %). Histológicamente, 34,7% eran pólipos hiperplásicos y 58,9% adenomatosos, siendo 74,1% tubulares, 10,6% tubulovellosos, 2% vellosos y 13% indeterminados y, 1,7% correspondieron a adenocarcinomas. En el 65,4% de los casos existía solamente un pólipo al hacer el examen, 34,6% presentaban dos o más lesiones. Conclusión: En nuestro trabajo, con un promedio de 250 exámenes/mes, los parámetros evaluados fueron compatibles a los resultados encontrados en la literatura.

Colonografia por tomografia computadorizada versus colonoscopia óptica no rastreamento do câncer colorretal: uma revisão sistemática / Computed tomographic colonography versus optical colonoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review

Objetivo: comparar, por meio de uma revisão sistematizada, a colonografia por tomografia (CTC) versus colonoscopia óptica (CO) em relação ao rastreamento e vigilância do câncer colorretal (CCR). Método: foram analisados estudos em inglês e português sobre CTC e CO realizados em humanos adultos de ambos os sexos, publicados no MedLine/PubMed (National Library of Medicine) e no Scielo (Scientific Eletronic Library Online) no período entre 1990 a 2013. A busca incluiu combinações de palavras-chave (Colonoscopy, Cólonoscopic surgery, virtual Colonoscopy, CT Colonography) com boolianos AND e OR. Os critérios de inclusão foram ensaios clínicos controlados e randomizados, estudo de revisão, revisões sistemáticas com ou sem metanálise, consenso, pacientes adultos, pacientes assintomáticos ou sintomáticos. Os critérios de exclusão foram pacientes inapropriados e somente em resumo. Resultados: foram selecionados 26 estudos com melhor abordagem dos desfechos selecionados para rastreamento e vigilância do câncer (CCR). O número global de pacientes submetidos às variáveis foi de 397.342 indivíduos. Os valores das variáveis de sensibilidade e especificidade para detecção de pólipos maior ou igual a 10mm e câncer colorretal apresentam percentagens semelhantes, sendo a taxa de sensibilidade da CTC diretamente proporcional ao tamanho do pólipo. A taxa de pacientes submetidos à CO após a CTC variou de 12% a 36,4%; destes, 3,8% apresentaram lesões significativas. A análise da taxa de CO incompleta obteve um padrão de variações entre 11% e 64,8%. A aceitação dos pacientes, tanto para o preparo intestinal como para o procedimento, foi maior para a CTC. Os achados extracólicos nos pacientes submetidos à CTC foram analisados e variaram de 58 a 69%. As complicações dos dois métodos foram baixas, maior na CO. Conclusão: as diferenças na sensibilidade e especificidade entre a CO e a CTC no rastreamento e vigilância do CCR não são relevantes. A indicação de CO após CTC deve seguir critérios consensuais para evitar aumento de custos e de riscos ao paciente. Pacientes com CO incompleta têm indicação de realizar CTC por se enquadrar no grupo de alto risco para desenvolver CCR. A aceitação dos pacientes na realização dos dois métodos é boa e não representa impedimento ao rastreamento e vigilância do CCR. Os achados extracólicos na CTC é um benefício adicional para o paciente. As complicações inerentes aos dois métodos não superam o impacto positivo dos mesmos na prevenção do CCR.

Objective: to compare in a systematic review the computed tomographic Colonography (CTC) and the optical Colonoscopy (OC) methods for the screening and monitoring of colorectal cancer (CRC). Method: english and portuguese studies on CTC and OC that were carried out on adult humans of both genders that had been published in MedLine/PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and SciELO (Scientific Electronic Library Online) between 1990 and 2013 were analyzed. The search included combinations of keywords (Colonoscopy, Cólonoscopic surgery, virtual Colonoscopy, CT Colonography, etc.) with the AND and OR Boolean operators. The inclusion criteria were as follows: controlled and randomized clinical trials, review studies, systematic reviews with or without meta-analysis, consensus, adult patients, and asymptomatic or symptomatic patients. The exclusion criteria were as follows: unsuitable patients and manuscripts only containing abstracts. Results: twenty-six studies that included the selected outcomes for screening for and monitoring CRC were selected. The overall number of patients analyzed was 397, 342 individuals. The sensitivity and specificity percentages for the detection of polyps greater than or equal to 10 mm and for colorectal cancer were similar between the two methods, and the CTC sensitivity rate was directly proportional to the size of the polyp. The rate of patients undergoing OC after CTC ranged from 12% to 36.4%, and of these patients, 3.8% had significant lesions. The analysis of the incomplete OC rate found variation ranging from 11 to 64.8%. The acceptance rates of the patients for both intestinal preparation and for the procedure were greater for CTC. The extracolic findings in patients undergoing CTC were analyzed and ranged from 58 to 69%. Complications were minimal for the patients undergoing both methods and higher for those in the OC group. Conclusion: the differences in the sensitivity and specificity of OC and CTC in screening and monitoring CRC are not significant. The indication of OC after CTC must follow agreed-upon criteria to avoid increased costs and risks to the patient. Patients with an incomplete OC should undergo CTC, as they fall within the high risk group for developing CRC. The acceptance of patients undergoing the two methods is good and does not represent an impediment to screening for and monitoring CRC. The extracolic findings, in the CTC group, is an additional benefit to the patient. The complications inherent in the two methods do not outweigh their positive impacts in the prevention of CRC.

Cáncer de colon recurrente: diagnóstico y tratamiento / Recurrent colon cancer: diagnosis and treatment

INTRODUCCIÓN. El cáncer recurrente es aquel que reaparece luego de un período de tiempo durante el cual no podía ser detectado. El objetivo del presente estudio fue identificar los elementos diagnósticos más relevantes del cáncer de colon recurrente, así como las opciones más adecuadas de tratamiento. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, longitudinal y retrospectivo sobre el diagnóstico y los resultados del tratamiento de la recurrencia tumoral en 68 pacientes operados por cáncer de colon en un período de 16 años. RESULTADOS. Predominaron los pacientes mayores de 60 años, del sexo femenino; entre las localizaciones, el tumor primario en el colon sigmoides y ascendente, con estadificación en etapa II después de la operación inicial. Las recurrencias más frecuentes fueron la locorregional y la hepática, y su forma de presentación predominante, el tumor palpable. El método clínico y la ecografía abdominal fueron determinantes para el diagnóstico. El tratamiento quirúrgico con quimioterapia adyuvante fue el más efectivo en general, y en particular en la localización locorregional. La supervivencia alcanzó 2 años en el 30,9 por ciento de los pacientes, con predominio de los que habían recibido tratamiento quirúrgico. A los 5 años había fallecido el 85,3 por ciento de la serie. CONCLUSIONES. El diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento adecuado de la recurrencia tumoral requieren la actuación de un equipo médico multidisciplinario pues es la causa de muerte preponderante en los operados de cáncer de colon con intención curativa. Los 2 primeros años de seguimiento posoperatorio constituyen el período de mayor riesgo de recurrencias(AU)

INTRODUCTION. Recurrent cancer is that that reappears after a period of time during which it could not be detected. The objective of this study was to identify the most important diagnostic elements of recurrent colon cancer, as well as the most adequate treatment options. METHODS. An observational, descriptive, longitudinal and retrospective study on the diagnosis and the results of the treatment of tumoral recurrence in 68 patients operated on of colon cancer in a period of 16 years was conducted. RESULTS. It was observed a predominance of female patients over 60. Among the localizations, the primary tumor in the sigmoid and ascending colon was the most common, with stage II after the initial operation. The most frequent recurrences were the locoregional and the hepatic, and its predominant form of presentation was the palpable tumor. The clinical method and the abdominal echography were determinating for the diagnosis. The surgical treatment with adjuvant chemotherapy was the most effective in general and, in particular, in the locoregional localization. There was a survival of 2 years in 30.9 percent of the patients, with predominance of those who had undergone surgery. 85.3 percent of the series had died five years later. CONCLUSIONS. The early diagnosis and the appropriate treatment of tumoral recurrence require the acting of a multidisciplinary medical team, since it is the main cause of death among the patients operated on of colon cancer with curative intention. The first 2 years of postoperative follow-up are the most risky period for recurrences(AU)

Computed Tomographic Virtual Colonoscopy to Screen for Colorectal Neoplasia in Asymptomatic Adults / 대한소화기학회지

No abstract available.

Uso de la tomografía de emisión de positrones en el cáncer colorrectal / Use of positron emission tomography in colorectal cancer

The value of PET (Positron Emission Tomography) in colorectal cancer is presented. PET is a novel technique that uses F-18-FDG (fluorodeoxiglucose) to assess glucose metabolism by whole body imaging. It has been demonstrated that malignant cells have both increase of glucose uptake and utilization. In colorectal cancer, PET is indicated for staging, assess recurrence, liver metastasis and treatment follow-up. PET is more sensitive and specific than CT (Computed Tomography) and is cost effective. In 30% of cases PET may change patient management, avoiding unnecessary procedures.

El valor de la tomografía de emisión de positrones (PET) en el cáncer colorrectal es revisado en esta corta comunicación. El PET es una nueva técnica que emplea F-18-FDG (Fluoro-deoxiglucosa) para evaluar el metabolismo glucídico de las células mediante imágenes de todo el cuerpo en un solo examen. Se ha demostrado que las células malignas tienen captación y utilización aumentada de la glucosa. En el cáncer colorrectal el PET esta indicado para el diagnóstico de extensión inicial, sospecha de recurrencia, evaluación de metástasis hepáticas, recidiva tumoral y control de terapias. El PET es más sensible y específico que la tomografía computada y es una técnica costo efectiva. En aproximadamente un 30% de los casos ayuda a cambiar el manejo terapéutico de los pacientes evitando procedimientos innecesarios. Este año entrará en funciones un ciclotrón en la Comisión Chilena de Energía Nuclear y la primera cámara PET multicristal de alta resolución de Chile y Sudamérica será instalada en el Hospital Militar de Santiago.

Ultrasound examination of gastrointestinal tract diseases

With recent technical advances, increasing use of sonography in the initial evaluation of patients with abdominal disease may allow the detection of unexpected tumor within the abdominal cavity. Easiness of sonographic detection of bowel pathology, purposely or unexpectedly, warrants the inclusion of bowel loops during ultrasound examination when a patient complains of symptoms indicating diseases of the bowel. In patients complaining of acute abdominal symptoms or nonspecific gastrointestinal symptoms and showing signs such as abdominal pain, diarrhea, hematochezia, change of bowel habit, or bowel obstruction, sonography may reveal the primary causes and may play a definitive role in making a diagnosis. On ultrasonography, abnormal lesions may appear as fungating mass with eccentrically located bowel lumen (pseudokidney sign) or symmetrical or asymmetrical, encircling thickening of the colonic wall (target sign). In patients with mass or wall thickening detected on ultrasonography, additional work-up such as barium study, CT or endoscopy would be occasionally necessary for making a specific diagnosis.